Friday, December 27, 2019
Gay Marriage Should Be Legal - 1351 Words
In 2015, a momentous thing happened for United States, gay marriage became legal in all 50 states. In most states it already was but the remaining 13 became legal this year. There are many concerns regarding gay marriage, and the effects of them involve many legislative, cultural, religious and family issues. Gay marriage is controversial because a lot of people do not approve of it, they think it is immoral, unnatural, and not what the traditional concept of ââ¬Å"marriageâ⬠really means. Opponents of gay marriage say it is only meant for a man and woman and that it is a sin to be with the same sex. Also, because marriage is for procreation and should not be extended to same-sex couples because they cannot produce children together. They believe that marriage is a privilege, not a right and that they do not want their tax dollars going to something that they do not believe in. Proponents say that to ban marriage from two people that love each other is discriminatory and uncons titutional. Love should be enough for marriage, regardless of sexual orientation. From a legal standpoint, marriage is a civil right and should not have restrictions to people of the same sexual orientation (History and Debate of Gay Marriage). Correspondingly, marriage is not only for procreation, otherwise couples who could not have kids or do not wish to have kids would be prevented from marrying too. Gay marriage can also help boost the economy from people who pay for marriage licenses. There have beenShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Should Be Legal1205 Words à |à 5 PagesHoward Sociology 1301-93431 Gay Marriage Getting married is something that most people do when they find love, which it is an important event in their life. The GLBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender) community now get the legal right of same-sex marriage, which they have fought for throughout the years; on the other hand, some opponents of same-sex marriage have called for a constitutional change towards it. Although there were some countries that allowed gay marriage before the United StatesRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1159 Words à |à 5 PagesAmendment, which puts a ban on gay marriage. This amendment entitles to equal rights to the gay community, ending toleration of discrimination in jobs, rights protecting gays from hate crimes,rights allowing advancement in government. However, the concept of gay marriage is still not considered a right the American people should extend to homosexuals. II. The vast majority of opponents believe marriage should be between one woman and one man, meaning marriage should be between members of the oppositeRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1574 Words à |à 7 Pagesequal rights. Gays and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbian couples are denied the right to marry even if they are outstanding citizens. They are held at an unfair disadvantage solely because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination must stop, because gay and lesbian couples are law-abiding citizens too, who should be afforded the same rights as heterosexual couples. Marriage is about love andRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1564 Words à |à 7 PagesWhat is marriage? Recently, people argue with respect to the definition of marriage. What happened to marriage? To get married is a very important event for almost everyone. Especially for women, marriage and giv ing a birth could be the two biggest events of their lives. Many people believe that getting married to the one whom he or she loves is natural. However, what do you think if you cannot get married to him or her because it is socially unacceptable? 100 years ago different colored peopleRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal?778 Words à |à 3 PagesShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? ââ¬Å"â⬠¦I now pronounce you husband and wifeâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ One would normally hear this when attending a wedding. In tradition marriage has been between one male and one female who love each other. But how would one feel if they heard ââ¬Å"I now pronounce you groom and groomâ⬠or how about ââ¬Å"â⬠¦bride and bride...â⬠? In the last 50 years the number of same-sex couples has increased. The on-going argument between the government and the people is ââ¬Å"Should gay marriage be legal?â⬠Although some sayRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1126 Words à |à 5 PagesJune 26, 2015 for gay marriage to be legal in all fifty states, thirty seven out of the fifty and Washington D.C already legalized gay marriage. Many support gay marriage and many do not, with widespread values and reasons for and against it. Due to religion and rights people across the nation have differing views and opinions of it.In a five to four vote in the Supreme Court gay marriage becam e legalized in all fifty states. Shortly after that a few marriage officiators and marriage licenses peopleRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1179 Words à |à 5 PagesGAY MARRIAGES Some states such as Iowa legalized gay marriage through the action of judicial interpretation based on the stateââ¬â¢s constitutional stipulations while other states such as Vermont legalized gay marriage through legislation initiatives. These cases demonstrate the government is the sole body that can dictate the validity of whatever is to be regarded as a marriage, and in this case gay marriage. The power to validate marriage is still observed among the private citizens, religious institutionsRead MoreThe Gay Marriage Should Be Legal947 Words à |à 4 PagesDefending Gay Marriage During the last few years, homosexuality has become an important issue for debate. Moreover, homosexuals have taken their case further by claiming their right to marry. Same-sex marriage, usually known as ââ¬Å"gay marriageâ⬠, is the marriage between two people from the same biological sex (Doskow1). Since 2000, eleven countries have approved the legalization of gay marriage worldwide: Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, ArgentinaRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1480 Words à |à 6 PagesNew World Dictionary defines the word married as being husband and wife, yet there are millions of gay activists who are fighting for a new meaning. They believe marriage is more than a piece of paper and a set of rings. The hope is that marriage could be defined as a ââ¬Å"public recognition of a private commitmentâ⬠or ââ¬Å"emotional, financial, and psychological bondâ⬠between two people (Sullivan 53). Gay activists belie ve that taking away the ability to have a publicly recognized relationship or an acceptedRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal925 Words à |à 4 PagesGay Marriage jenisea Phoenix Community College Gay Marriage What if you met someone and fell deep in love? What if they meant everything in the world to you? Wouldnââ¬â¢t you do whatever it takes to make them happy? What if i told you that you couldnââ¬â¢t? and that no matter how much you showed someone that you are meant to be that you couldnââ¬â¢t marry them? Wouldnââ¬â¢t that tear you apart inside?. ââ¬Å"The Human Rights Campaign Foundation states that
Thursday, December 19, 2019
Questions On Aboriginal Health And Housing - 1683 Words
I.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aim To investigate issues that in relation to the Indigenous Australian 1.2 Parameters To identify two current issues in both health and housing in relation to Indigenous Australians and to analyse the initiatives taken to improve Indigenous health and housing and report the outcomes.There is a word limit for the report which is 1000 words. 1.3 Definition Indigenous people are people who have originated from the land in which they settle before settlement or invasion of others (United Nations 2004).They are unique and have different cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system (United Nations 2004). 1.4 Thesis Sentence: 1. Two significant concerns on Indigenous Australian after Europeans settlement are health and housing issues.Some of the effective efforts to reduce these problems are Close the Gap in Indigenous Health Outcomes National Partnership Agreements,The National Partnership Agreement on Indigenous Early Childhood Development, The National Partnership Agreement on Remote Indigenous Housing (NPARIH) and The National Affordable Housing Agreement(NAHA)which has proven success. 2.0 BACKGROUND 2.1 General Background Two types of Indigenous Australians are Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders,and have lived in Australia for 60,000 years before European settlement.Most of the population live in remote area besides non-remote area(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014) and stand 2% of Australiaââ¬â¢s total populationShow MoreRelatedNative Aboriginal : From The Three Groups : Inuit, Metis, And Indian1146 Words à |à 5 Pagesï ¶ Facts: o Aboriginal: used in the Constitution to include the three groups: Inuit, Mà ©tis, and Indian. o Inuit Mà ©tis: ï⠧ Inuit: a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples living in the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, and Alaska. ï⠧ Mà ©tis: people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry o Indian: a male of Indian blood who belongs to a particular band, any woman who is or was lawfully married to him, and any child born to him. o First Nations: members of legally recognized reserve communitiesRead MoreHealth Inequalities Experienced By Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander People1222 Words à |à 5 PagesPotential ââ¬â Health Inequities PDHPE Class 3 Tahnee Hodson - Term 3, 2015 1. Describe the health inequities experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. Health inequities describe the differences in health status or in the distribution of health resources between different population groups, ascending from the social conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders experience far more ill health thanRead MoreThe Aboriginal Quality Of Life Within Canada1259 Words à |à 6 Pages When discussing the Aboriginal quality of life within Canada there are several issues that come to mind, such as health, education, housing and our Canadian-Indigenous relationship (First Ministers And National Aboriginal Leaders, 2005, p. 1). However, many times Canadians neglect to distinguish the root of the issue. While residential schools may be addressed and looked upon historically, the traumas and effects are still particularly palpable for many Indigenous communities. For this reason, itRead MoreWhat Are The Challenges That Aboriginal FathersEncounter While Supporting Their Partners During Childbirth Case Study752 Words à |à 4 Pagesbased on Euro-Western models remain unsuitable for many Aboriginal expectant fathers, especially for those living in poverty, with limited literacy and substandard or no housin g (Ball, 2010). More Aboriginal pregnant women are requesting their partnersââ¬â¢ companionship in the birthing room (Carter, Lumley, Wilson, Bell, 2004; Simmonds et al., 2012; Reibel, Morrison, Griffin, Chapman Woods, 2015). Nevertheless, sparse research into Aboriginal expectant fatherââ¬â¢s involvement during childbirth mirrorsRead MoreThe Colonization Of Canada First Nations1540 Words à |à 7 Pagescreated by the government. Policies created had the intentions of improving the Aboriginal peopleââ¬â¢s standard of living and increasing their opportunities. Mainly in the past hundred years in Canadian Society, policies and government implemented actions such as; Residential schools, the Indian Act, and reserve systems have resulted in extinguishing native culture, teachings, and pride. Policies towards the treatment of Aboriginal Canadians has decreased their opportunities and standard of living becauseRead MoreYouth Suicide Rates Among Aboriginal Youth1278 Words à | à 6 Pagesamongst Aboriginal youth are five to seven times higher than non-Aboriginal youth, and Inuit youth are among the highest in the world, at 11 times the national average, there are several contributing attributes that should be further researched. (Health Canada, 2013) One of the contributing factors that are discussed in many Aboriginal courses is that of identity. Aboriginal youth who face high levels of intergenerational trauma due to the RS system often find themselves distanced from Aboriginal cultureRead MoreThe Canadian Government As Effective For Improving The Status Of Native Canadians1622 Words à |à 7 Pagesof how they were treated through deficient access to health care, poor living conditions, and lack of education. 3 Subtopics: Deficient access to health care, poor living conditions, and lack of education. Education As per Statics Canada s 2011 Aboriginal Survey, 22.8% of Aboriginal Peoples had finished secondary school and post-secondary education.1 As the late 1800 s Canadian government and church bodies started expelling Aboriginal youngsters from their homes and setting them in what wereRead MoreDiscourse on Aboriginal Health Care7025 Words à |à 29 PagesRunning head: THE INFLUENCE OF DISCOURSE ON HEALTH CARE The Discourse of On Reserve Housing Mary Ratensperger Athabasca University Centre of Nursing Science MNS 620 Culture and Health Margo deJong Berg The Discourse of On Reserve Housing The substance of this paper will be to discuss the discourse regarding the inequalities facing aboriginal peoples living on reserves in the northwestern corner of Ontario. Inequality is not naturally occurring; poverty is not an innate culturalRead MoreCollective Rights995 Words à |à 4 Pagesbecause they belong to one of several groups in society. They are rights held by groups (peoples) in Canadian society that are recognized and protected by Canadaââ¬â¢s constitution. Those groups include Aboriginals, Francophone and Anglophones. Treaty 6, 7, 8 states that the aboriginals could have health care, education, hunting and fishing rights, reserves, farming assistance, payments annuities, and special benefits. All in return for the first nations to share their land and agree to obeying the governmentRead MoreThe Idle No More Movement Essay1725 Words à |à 7 PagesWithin the Aboriginal ways of knowing it is suggested that ââ¬Å"land is the heart of Creation, a realm where humans are among a vast array of creaturesâ⬠(Belanger, 2014, p. 7). In essence, the Aboriginal people have looked upon the earth as a source of resources that may be utilized but must be honored. This is further substantiated by Belanger when he states that ââ¬Å"human beings began to measure their existence in terms of how well they ensured the landââ¬â¢s health and safety, as opposed to how well they
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
If You Were In My Shoes free essay sample
The Sage embraces the one, And becomes a Pattern to all under Heaven. He does not make a show of himself, Hence he shines; Does not justify himself, Hence he becomes known; Does not boast of his ability, Hence he gets his credit; Does not brandish his success, Hence he endures; Does not compete with anyone, Hence no one can compete with him. Indeed, the ancient saying: ABend and you will remain whole is no idle word. Nay, if you have really attained wholeness, everything will flock to you. (Lao Tzu, Tao Teh Ching) Tao Teh Ching is a book of tenets I have been taught to live by and adhere to by my parents and my education in Taiwan. After I moved to the United States two years ago, I began to question my beliefs. Does not boast of his ability, Hence he gets his credit? When the first organization in school I joined, ESL Club, was having an election, I knew that I had the competence to be the president. We will write a custom essay sample on If You Were In My Shoes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, bound by my firm belief in Lao Tzu that I should not reveal let alone boast of my ability, in this case, my leadership, I should not compete with anyone so no one could compete with me. I did not raise my hand when asked who would like to be a candidate for the election. As Lao Tzus words were reverberating in my mind, a loud, vigorous female voice hit me in the head. I am qualified for this position because I am enthusiastic. I have been a secretary in three other clubs. Why? The answer in simple. I am very responsible, and people trust me. Elect me, and we will have fun. She was elected. She got credit, after boasting her ability They tell me to justify myself, to boast my ability, to brandish my success when I do not allow myself to think I have succeeded in anything because Ive been taught to be humble. They infuse in me the opposite of what I believe. They the Americans. Even writing this essay is making a show of myself. How can I let the admission officers know about me when I want to be the Sage in your eyes, Lao Tzu, as my life goal has always been remaining soft and silent, and yet, shining out of thousands of applicants by pleasing and satisfying the American standards? In this season, everyone is squeezing his or her brain juices, trying to brag about him or her self. What if my upbringing teaches me to always be humble and thus prevents me from saying anything good about myself? While I still see Tao Teh Ching as my ultimate dogma, I find myself unable to fit in with the American mores. Lao Tzu, my Sage, if you were in my shoes American Nike, ones that were made in China what would you do?
Tuesday, December 3, 2019
The methodological apparatus of natural sciences
Thesis statement The idea that the methodological apparatus of natural sciences is being procedurally inconsistent with the aims of human sciences cannot be referred to as particularly innovative.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The methodological apparatus of natural sciences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it comes as not a particular surprise that, as of today, a number of social scientists continue to reflect upon the qualitative nature of social, political, cultural, and historical processes from essentially anti-scientific prospective, while denying the appropriateness of utilization of methods and procedures of natural sciences in the field of social research. In its turn, this does not only undermine the scientific validity of anti-positivist human studies, but also makes their semantic content quite unintelligible. For example, even though there have been a number of social studies, conducted on the subject of what represent motivational factors behind Hispanic studentsââ¬â¢ lowered rate of academic achievement, the results of these studies are best referred to as utterly inconclusive (we will refer to this thesis later). Apparently, the quality of todayââ¬â¢s social research is being hindered by social scientistsââ¬â¢ inability to understand a simple fact that, just as is it is being the case with plants and animals, the representatives of Homo Sapiens specie, and consequently the qualitative essence of human societiesââ¬â¢ functioning, never cease to be subjected to objectively existing laws of nature. In our paper, we will aim at exploring the validity of an earlier suggestion at length, while pointing out to the fact that the idea that human sciences should emulate the methods and procedures of natural sciences is absolutely legitimate. Moreover, we will also aim to show there is no well-defined limit to the extent to which the methods of social/human re search may follow the methods of natural research. The soundness of paperââ¬â¢s hypothesis will be exemplified in regards to how subjects matter of human sciences can assessed through methodological framework of Physics, Biology and Mathematics.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Main part Even as far back as during the course of thirties, Collingwood (1936) was able to rationalize methodological inconsistency between human and natural sciences, while suggesting that the developmental context of human history alters the subtleties of how people perceive societal aspects of their existence. Given the fact that, throughout 20th centuryââ¬â¢s second half, the concept of evolutionary positivism has been increasingly looked upon as ââ¬Ëimmoralââ¬â¢, due to apparent euro-centrism of its theoretical premises, it comes as not a particular surprise that this historical period is being marked with the emergence of clearly anti-positivist social theories, the proponents of which used to make point in rejecting the idea that objectively existing laws of nature define the qualitative essence of human history. For example, according to one of the most prominent advocates of historical anti-positivism Juergen Habermas (1988), there no good reasons to refer to Darwinian Theory of Evolution as representing fully objective conceptual foundation, upon which the theoretical premise of modern biology should be based. Apparently, the main objection to the idea that the methodological framework of natural sciences is being fully compatible with that of social sciences derives out of social scientistsââ¬â¢ assumption that the qualitative aspects of how people interact with surrounding realities cannot be discussed outside of currently dominant socio-political discourse. According to Foucault (1978), it is namely predominant socio-political discourse, which adds to the validity of just about any scientific idea or alternatively ââ¬â undermines the extent of such ideaââ¬â¢s scientifically validated soundness. While utilizing their intellect to address lifeââ¬â¢s challenges, people subconsciously aim to reinforce the soundness of their earlier acquired worldviews. In their turn, these worldviews affect the manner in which people perceive universe and in their place in it ââ¬â hence, creating objective preconditions for even empirical sciences to be affected by a certain degree of experiential relativism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The methodological apparatus of natural sciences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Mills (1959), it is not only that past experiences define the particulars of how people perceive present, but also affect the way in which people will access the significance of their future experiences. Therefore, it comes as not a par ticular surprise that even today, many social scientists continue to remain utterly skeptical as to idea that human mind is being fully capable of discovering the ââ¬Ëtruthââ¬â¢, in societal sense of this word. According to Strauss (1953), the majority of social scientists never cease being utterly skeptical towards the idea that oneââ¬â¢s rationale is being fully capable of addressing the dichotomy between fundamental and ââ¬Ëculturalââ¬â¢ emanations of life. In its turn, in the eyes of particularly ââ¬Ëprogressiveââ¬â¢ social scientists, this validates their disbelieving attitude towards the appropriateness of utilization of naturalistic approach to defining the essence of socio-cultural, political and economic dynamics within just about any human society. Apparently, these individuals are being absolutely serious while rejecting the idea that human societiesââ¬â¢ functioning can be assed from strictly materialistic perspective as, according to them, the fa ctor of ââ¬Ëconscientiousnessââ¬â¢ plays rather significant role in defining the manner of how members of human societies interact with each other. And, it goes without saying, of course, that the term ââ¬Ëconscientiousnessââ¬â¢ implies perceptional ambivalence. Therefore, it is fully explainable why in time when many human sciences, such as psychology, were in the process of being methodologically perfected, a number of Western prominent intellectuals used to believe that this process will eventually result in revealing the outdatedness of naturalistic methodological approach. As Weber (1946) used to insist, natural sciences are only being capable of providing people with answers to purely technical dilemmas, while leaving the question ââ¬Ëwhat is the purpose of oneââ¬â¢s life?ââ¬â¢ quite unaddressed.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, it does not represent much of a challenge to expose such point of view as conceptually fallacious. The reason for this is simple ââ¬â it is namely peopleââ¬â¢s physical existence that presupposes their endowment with metaphysical conscientiousness. As it was noted by Outhwaite (1992), even before the emergence of Homo Sapiens specie, the most fundamental laws of nature operated in the same way they do now. And, it is namely these laws that define the essence of peopleââ¬â¢s societal attitudes, not the other way around. This is exactly why, contrary to what many social scientists believe, when it comes to defining the fundamental nature of societyââ¬â¢s inner dynamics, one may very well refer to the basic laws of Physics. It is important to understand the actual force behind universeââ¬â¢s functioning, as we know it, is the disparity between energetic potentials. According to The Second Law of Thermodynamics, the amount of entropy in the universe is geom etrically proportionate the extent of energyââ¬â¢s dissipation, throughout the cosmos. Given the fact that human societies consist of physically material individuals, The Second Law of Thermodynamics applies to these societies as much as it applies to just about any energetically depended material system. Therefore, it is namely the continuous differentiation between society membersââ¬â¢ existential potentials, which keeps such a society on the path on social, economic and cultural progress. What it means is that, while being assessed through the lenses of Physics (natural science), all of todayââ¬â¢s neo-Marxian discourses, concerned with ââ¬Ëcombating povertyââ¬â¢ and with ââ¬Ëensuring fair distribution of wealthââ¬â¢, appear utterly anti-scientific, and therefore socially counter-productive. The reason for this is simple ââ¬â the term ââ¬Ëequalityââ¬â¢ is being synonymous to the term ââ¬Ëentropyââ¬â¢, and the term ââ¬Ëentropyââ¬â¢ is bei ng synonymous to the notion of death. In its turn, this explains why there is no even a single historical instance of Socialism having proven its practical effectiveness, as political ideology. Therefore, had the proponents of a ââ¬Ëwelfare stateââ¬â¢, who are now being put in position of designing socio-political policies in many Western countries, been aware of even basic physical laws, they would not be quite as eager enforcing ââ¬Ëequalityââ¬â¢, because then, they would be able to recognize what will account for the eventual consequences of their political activities. Apparently, the very fact that natural laws (in our case physical) are biasless makes them absolutely suitable to be applied within the context of trying to solve some social dilemma. As it was rightly suggested by Taylor (1985), empirical science is being utterly dispassionate towards what might account for natural lawsââ¬â¢ social implications, which is why it is specifically these laws that should be regarded as such that represent an objective truth-value. In other words, if they had a chance, physicists would have proven themselves much more effective as social scientists then many social scientists per se ââ¬â whatever the ironic it might sound. The same can be said about the practitioners of another natural science ââ¬â biology. For example, as of today, there have been hundreds if not thousands of sociological, linguistic, historical, psychological and culturological studies, conducted on the subject of representativesââ¬â¢ of racial minorities lowered rate of academic achievement, whose authors had nevertheless failed at exposing the actual reasons behind many ââ¬Ëethnically-uniqueââ¬â¢ studentsââ¬â¢ clearly defined inability to succeed in studying, simply because, while proceeding with these studies, authors strived to remain well within the boundaries of ââ¬Ëpolitical correctnessââ¬â¢. And, the reason for this is simple ââ¬â while elabor ating on controversial topics, most social scientists aim to do it from ââ¬Ëvalue-neutralââ¬â¢ perspective. This, however, does not lessen the extent of their argumentative biasness. According to Rorty (1987), when the subject of a scientific discussion is being concerned with people, it automatically provides rationale to refer to such a discussion as necessarily ââ¬Ëevaluativeââ¬â¢. And, since perceptional ââ¬Ëevaluativenessââ¬â¢ simply cannot be avoided, one may as well proceed with evaluating the essence of social phenomena from naturalistic perspective, as the most objective and dispassionate one. Therefore, had social scientists been introduced to the basics of biology, as fully objective natural science, they would know that oneââ¬â¢s ability to succeed in academia is being rather genetically then environmentally predetermined. Apparently, it is utterly inappropriate to refer to peopleââ¬â¢s inability to score high, while IQ tested, as such that derive out of their low social status. On the contrary, peopleââ¬â¢s low social status is the immediate consequence of their evolutionary underdevelopment, extrapolated in their lowered capacity to operate with abstract categories (low IQ), which in its turn, explains why the extent of every countryââ¬â¢s economic well-being reflects the particulars of its populationââ¬â¢s racial makeup. Therefore, for biologists, the sheer absurdity of institutionalization of ââ¬Ëaffirmative actionââ¬â¢ policies, meant to enforce non-White and non-Asian citizensââ¬â¢ educational equality in Western multicultural societies, appears perfectly clear ââ¬â the ultimate consequence of this policyââ¬â¢s official legitimatization will be the continuous lowering of Western educational standards. The fact that the methodology of human sciences is being often concerned with procedural utilization of such vaguely defined categories as ââ¬Ëmoralityââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëethicsââ¬â¢, natura lly predisposes social scientists towards indulgence in methodologically fallacious theorizing. This is exactly the reason why; whereas, the laws of natural sciences are being fully objective (such as The Universal Law of Gravity, for example), the ââ¬Ëlawsââ¬â¢ of human sciences never cease being the subject of various interpretations, which significantly undermines the extent of these lawsââ¬â¢ operational objectiveness and which points out to these lawsââ¬â¢ validity as being largely circumstantial. The validity of an earlier suggestion can also be illustrated in regards to psychologists and sociologistsââ¬â¢ apparent failure in defining the actual causes behind the process of urban ââ¬Ëghettoizationââ¬â¢, fueled by ethnic immigrantsââ¬â¢ tendency to settle within the boundaries of racially segregated conclaves, which in its turn, results in creation of ââ¬Ësocieties within societyââ¬â¢ ââ¬â a phenomenon, known to the residents of just about ever y Western large city. Nowadays, most social scientists refer to this phenomenon as such that signifies ethnic immigrantsââ¬â¢ commitment to ââ¬Ëcelebration of diversityââ¬â¢. Nevertheless, once we refer to an earlier articulated thesis that, since human societies are essentially material and functionally systemic, it is fully appropriate to assess these societiesââ¬â¢ inner dynamics through methodological matrix of natural sciences; it will appear that there is nothing particularly odd with such ethnic immigrantsââ¬â¢ tendency. Let us elaborate on this suggestion at length. In 1964, one of 20th centuryââ¬â¢s greatest mathematicians and simultaneously the co-founder of Cybernetics William Ashby formulated the so-called Law of Requisite Variety, which can be articulated in utterly simplified and yet fully descriptive manner ââ¬â variety destroys a variety. If, for example, a hypothetical farmer had stopped tending a hypothetical wheat field, it would be only the matter of time, before various weeds begin to grow in that field. Moreover, the quality of wheat grains would be reduced from generation to generation, as wheat cannot grow properly while being surrounded by weeds. This is because wheat fieldââ¬â¢s ââ¬Ëvarietyââ¬â¢ is lesser than the ââ¬Ëvarietyââ¬â¢ of the surrounding environment. If the field was to be left unattended for a year or two, the new environmental balance would be established, with weeds being spread evenly throughout the field and with some wheat beginning to grow in areas adjacent to the field. Given the fact that, as we have mentioned earlier, human society is nothing but an example of energetically open system, the qualitative essence of its inner dynamics correspond to how systemââ¬â¢s complexity interacts with the complexity of surrounding environment. In other words, in order for social system to maintain its stability, systemââ¬â¢s complexity cannot be lower than that of the surrounding envi ronment. When societyââ¬â¢s complexity is higher than that of geopolitical environment, it begins to export its complexity into environment (the colonization of Third World countries by Westerners). However, when the complexity of a social system appears to be lower than the complexity of geopolitical environment (in our case, due to Westerners being deprived of their existential vitality), the environment begins to export its complexity into the system (the colonization of Western countries by legal and illegal immigrants from the Third World). Therefore, the reason why ethnic immigrants prefer to settle within the boundaries of racially secluded ââ¬Ëghettosââ¬â¢ is that, by being such ghettosââ¬â¢ residents, they are able to take full advantage of the lessened extent of host-societyââ¬â¢s systemic complexity ââ¬â pure and simple. Thus; whereas, sociology-based Immigrant Spatial Assimilation Theory fails at explaining what prevents ethnic immigrants from being ab le to integrate into the host-society (it treats such their tendency as essentially phenomenological), the mathematical Law of Requisite Variety explains driving force behind ââ¬Ëghettoizationââ¬â¢ with perfect clarity. In its turn, this serves as an additional proof as to the full soundness of an idea that there is nothing conceptually inappropriate about methodology of natural sciences being utilized by social scientists. Therefore, despite clearly rhetorical essence of Runcimanââ¬â¢s (1971) rhetorical speculation that, due to natural scientistsââ¬â¢ tendency to refer to people as ââ¬Ëthingsââ¬â¢, it would not be morally justifiable allowing them to do so, the soundness of an idea that people may indeed be treated as ââ¬Ëthingsââ¬â¢ can be positively asserted. The reason for this is simple ââ¬â given the fact that people are social beings; their behavioral patterns are best referred to as highly systemic. What it means is that these patterns could be ea sily predicted, especially when social researchers prove themselves intellectually honest enough not to be making references to ââ¬Ësoulââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëmoralityââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëethicsââ¬â¢ and other essentially meaningless notions, while utilizing naturalistic research-methodology. As Gray (1983) had pointed out to, the very matrix of naturalistic methodology does not feature any value-commitments, which presupposes the high extent of its operational applicability, even in domain of social sciences. Unfortunately, even today, many social scientists experience a particularly hard time while coming to terms with the idea that the representatives of Homo Sapiens specie are nothing but hairless apes, endowed with intellect (some of them are being endowed with only primitive ââ¬Ësituationalââ¬â¢ intellect). And, such their endowment is being purely instrumental, which is why, as it is being the case with representatives of just about every sub-specie of primates, peopleâ⬠â¢s foremost priorities in life are being solely concerned with spreading their genes, ensuring their dominant position on the ladder of social hierarchy and with experiencing sensual pleasures. Conclusion We believe that the earlier provided line of argumentation, in defense of an idea that human sciences might in fact emulate the methods and procedures of the natural sciences, substantiate the soundness of paperââ¬â¢s initial thesis. It is fully understandable that, due to peopleââ¬â¢s anthroposophic egoism, only few of them would be willing to be referred to as simply structural elements of larger thermodynamically functioning systems. This, however, does not make them being less of ââ¬Ëelementsââ¬â¢, while assessed through methodological lenses of natural sciences. It is understood, of course, that this idea will not find adherents among moralistically minded social scientists. And yet, as we have shown earlier, there is nothing conceptually inappropriate about such an idea. The methods of natural sciences are indeed being consistent with the methods of social sciences and those who think otherwise appear to lack intellectual honesty to admit this simple fact. Nevertheless, the very essence of historical dialectics leave very little doubt as to the fact that it is only the matter of time, before the validity of the line of paperââ¬â¢s line of argumentation, in defense of its initial thesis, will be recognized as thoroughly objective. References Ashby W 1964, Introduction to cybernetics, London, Routledge Kegan Paul. Collingwood RG 1936, Human nature and human history. Oxford University Press, London. Foucault M 1978, The history of sexuality, Pantheon, New York. Gray J 1983, ââ¬ËPolitical Power, Social Theory, and Essential Contestabilityââ¬â¢, in D Miller L Siedentop (eds.) The Nature of Political Theory, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Habermas J 1988, Theory and practice, Beacon Press, Boston. Mills CW 1959, The Sociological Imagination , Oxford University Press, New York. Outhwaite, W 1992, ââ¬ËNew philosophies of social science: Realism, hermeneutics and critical theoryââ¬â¢, in A Giddens (ed.) Contemporary Social Theory, MacMillan Education, London. Rorty R 1987, ââ¬ËMethod, Social Science and Social Hopeââ¬â¢, in MT Gibbons (ed.)à Interpreting Politics, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. Runciman WG 1971, Social science and political theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Strauss, L 1953, Natural right and history, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Taylor C 1985, Philosophy and the human sciences, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Weber, M 1946, ââ¬ËScience as a vocationââ¬â¢, In HH Gerth and CW Mills (ed.) Maxà Weber: Essays in sociology, Oxford University Press, New York. This essay on The methodological apparatus of natural sciences was written and submitted by user Nolan Newton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.
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