The Traffic Conjestion Problem In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay

The Traffic Conjestion Problem In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean in South Asia, 65 610 square kilo meters in area, divided into nine administrative provinces where population of approximately 21 million in 2009. The country measures about 400 kilometers from North to South and 250 km from East to West. The total length of roadway in Sri Lanka is 112,603 km in 2009. The number of vehicles in Sri Lanka in 2009 is 2,245,108. By 1948, when Sri Lanka became independent, there were about 11,000 km of roads, of which about 7,000 km were paved. Sri Lanka has a road network of about 112,603km, comprising about 11,760 km of national roads; 15,743 km of provincial roads; 80,600 km of local authority roads; and 4,500 km of roads owned or controlled by irrigation, wildlife, and land development authorities. These national highways comprise roads that are categorized as Class A and B roads, the highest categories in Sri Lankas road hierarchy. Provincial roads are categorized as Class C, D, and E roads. While the capaci ty of local and rural roads has been expanded since 1948, most of the trunk roads date back to pre-independence years and their capacity has become inadequate owing in part to neglected maintenance. Road conditions are generally poor. Roads are the spine of the transport sector in Sri Lanka. They are crucial for the movement of people and goods and play a vital role in integrating the country, facilitating economic growth, and ultimately reducing poverty. National roads are holding over 70 percent of the traffic in Sri Lanka. Roads are very important for the large majority of Sri Lankas people who live in the villages. They are often the only way for most rural people to reach necessary services such as hospitals, schools, markets, and banks, which are mostly situated far from their villages. 1.2 Problem Background The facility of smooth traffic movement is an ornament as well as an asset to any city. But capital city of Sri Lanka is facing a big problem with traffic problem. Traffic problem has aggravated by the attention of all forms economic, commercial and administrative functions in the city. The city of Colombo attracts about 1.5 Million floating population on a working day and with the addition of the resident population in the city. The total population in the city increases to more than 2 Million during the daytime. It is estimated that about 50% of the commuting population arrives in the city for employment or to connect in commercial activities and or to attend educational institutions. The rest comes to the city for various other purposes. Commuting population are used various forms of transportation to enter the city. Both the number of vehicles and the passengers entering the City are increasing year by year. Traffic congestion is frequently increasing as more and more people buy vehicles. At the same time the residential population and the ownership of vehicles within the city limits will also experience a remarkable growth. Vehicles are entering to the City from 9 entry points on working days have been estimated to be around 275,000, and this is in addition to the contribution to the traffic floor by the use of vehicles of the residents in the city. The combination of these aspects outcome is a greater attraction of the city for people from the rest of the country thus aggravating the transport problem in the city of Colombo. 2. Reasons for traffic congestion The number of vehicles in the city is not the only factor that contributes to congestion. There are several other reasons for this traffic congestion. 2.1 The current traffic signal network A signal operation system is essential to road efficiency. There are so many roundabouts and crossroads where no traffic signals are installed in every place. These places are famous for traffic blocks since many motorists and pedestrians do not follow the prevalent rules. Pedestrians are crossed roads without regular intervals and using hand signals. It seems that the current traffic signal network in Colombo is insufficient to maintain massive amounts of traffic volume. 2.2 The current road system Massive highways, many bridges, and tunnels cannot be found all over the country like South Korea. Most of the roads are small and narrow.The conditions and standards of the roads are inadequate to meet rapidly growing freight and passenger traffic. More than 50% of the national roads have poor or very poor surface condition and many are seriously congested. The scope for widening roads on existing alignments is limited mainly because of land acquisition issues. 2.3 Inadequate investment Despite the substantial increases in traffic volume there have been inadequate investments for construction of new highways or widening and improving existing roads. Over the past years the investment in the road sector has been mainly determined on the rehabilitation of the existing road network. 2.4 Mixed traffic system National highways, which are generally two-lane, has been unable to carry the current volume of mixed traffic (pedestrians, bikes, buses, three-wheelers, and motor vehicles). Increasing traffic volumes and a traffic mix consisting of motorized and non-motorized traffic have resulted in low travel speeds, severe traffic congestions, and increased accident rates. 2.5 Street vendors There are illegal constructions and street vendors are doing their businesses in roadsides. In most roads passage through roadsides is obstructed by these street vendors. Uncontrolled roadside development and businesses has reduced the capacity of the road network. 2.6 Illegal parking Illegal parking significantly contributes to congestion and impedes the traffic flow. Cities suffer in Sri Lanka from unenforced driving and parking regulations. Although Vehicles parking in roadsides is illegal in the country most of motorists are parking their vehicles in roadsides reason for that is limitation of parking places. 2.7 Sidewalks for pedestrians In capital city, most of roads have constructed without sidewalks for pedestrians. When pedestrians are walking side on the road the existing roads have translated to as narrow roads. 3. Data analysis In this part has concerned about most relevant data in connection with traffic congestion. Although South Korea has provided more facilities for their transport system they also are possessed problem with congestion. In South Koreans has enjoyed with many highways, bridges, tunnels, and express ways in connection with their transport system. In considering about traffic congestion can be considered as population, no of vehicles, no of accident and no of persons killed in accident are the most important factors. In the following data has been attention about compare information with South Korea and Sri Lanka. 3.1 Population The following table no 1 and figure no1 has included information about population in thousand in two countries. Table no 1.Population in two countries Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sri Lanka Population(1000) 18,713 18,797 18,921 19,173 19,462 19,668 19,886 20,010 20,156 20,303 South Korea population(1000) 47,008 47,357 47,622 47,859 48,039 48,138 48,297 48,456 48,607 48,747 Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Figure no 1.Population in two countries Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 When considering about this information South Korea population is higher than Sri Lanka reason for that Sri Lanka is a small country than South Korea. 3.2 No of registered vehicles Other most important factor is no of registered vehicles in these two countries. In table no 2 and 3 are provided total no of vehicles in two countries. Table no 2. No of registered vehicle in South Korea Year Registered Vehicle(1000) Increasing Rate(%) 2001 12,910 7.1 2002 13,950 8 2003 14,590 4.6 2004 14,930 2.4 2005 15,400 3.1 2006 15,900 3.2 2007 16,430 3.4 2008 16,790 2.2 Source:www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Table no 3. No of registered vehicle in Sri Lanka Year Registered Vehicle(1000) Increasing Rate (%) 2001 1,779 2002 1,892 6.3 2003 2,074 9.7 2004 2,298 10.8 2005 2,527 10 2006 2,828 12 2007 3,126 10.5 2008 3,391 8.5 Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka Figure no 2.Registered vehicles in South Korea Source:www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Figure no 3.Registered vehicles in Sri Lanka Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka In comparison with 2001 the no of vehicles has increased in 30% year 2008 in South Korea. There are 91% significant increment in Sri Lanka compare with 2001 and 2008. Although level of increased of total no of vehicles in both countries has decreased it is very significant in 2004 in South Korea. 3.3 Traffic Accident in South Korea In the following tables and figures have been discussed about traffic accident volume and how many people killed by road accident in both countries. Table no 4.Traffic Accident in South Korea Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Traffic Accidents Volume 290,481 260,579 230,953 240,832 220,755 214,171 213,745 211,662 251,822 Person Killed 10,236 8,097 7,090 7,212 6,563 6,376 6,327 6,166 5,870 Source:www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Table no 5.Traffic Accident in Sri Lanka Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Traffic Accidents Volume 54,250 52,092 55,031 59,494 53,458 42,537 35,763 33,993 31,872 Person Killed 1992 1952 2029 1933 2116 2236 2238 2402 2328 Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka Figure no 4. Traffic Accident in South Korea Source:www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10 Figure no 5. Traffic Accident in Sri Lanka Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka Although traffic accident volume has been decreased up to 2007 there is a considerable increment in 2008 in South Korea. In comparison with 2007, the traffic volume has been increased in 19% in the year 2008. In considering about Sri Lanka information the highest accident volume has been reported in year 2003.The amount is 59,494 accidents. After 2003, there are notable decreased in the traffic volume of Sri Lanka. When concerned about no of killed person in accident there are big different with two country. Although in South Korea the no of killed person in accident has been decreased year by year the Sri Lanka situation is different. There has been reported a significant increment about no of person killed in accident. 4. Solutions for problems 4.1 Traffic signal network To respond traffic congestion in capital city must be established new traffic signals in every roundabout, cross road and necessary places. It will be appreciable affected to reduce traffic congestion. The traffic signal network is established in 100% in the developed countries and many of other countries. 4.2 Improve road infrastructure. It is necessary to construct a modern road network, and upgrade existing roads to meet the countrys economic and social development needs. In addition to the need for improving and rehabilitating deteriorated roads, there is an urgent need to embark on a program for the construction of new intercity highways. In considering about road infrastructure should concern about sidewalks and illegal constructions. It will be helped to facilitate more road space to the motorist on the road. 4.3 Private sector investment The Government has limited capacity to finance public investments. Innovative financing strategies especially private sector investment will be needed to mobilize sufficient funding for such highways. Using these funds can be improved road maintenance and construction and make road development sustainable. The government should promote private sector participation in road infrastructure improvement. 4.4 Transport Planning and Coordination. Transport sector responsibilities in Sri Lanka have been widen over a multitude of ministries and agencies, leading to a highly fragmented structure of decision-making. At present there are nine ministries with a direct responsibility for transport infrastructure. When taking decisions regarding road infrastructure it have been affected for all these authorities. In the past decades, many decisions have not match and there are also big argument about these decisions. The Sri Lankan government should take necessary steps to establish one institution from gathering these all relevant institutions to provide a better transport services. 5. Policy implementation 5.1 A national policy regarding traffic signal The traffic signals will helps to improve traffic flow on roads. These steps would ensure less traffic congestion and traffic accidents compare with previous situation. 5.2 Private investment According to current situation in the country, government should think a national policy regarding private investment on the road infrastructure. Lack of finance situation in the government, this step will be helped to government to improve the road infrastructure in the country. 5.3 Reduce responsible institutions In present there are several institutions in regarding road transport. It would not be good to taking the decisions. In considering that, can be arrange these all institutions under one policy regarding the road transportation. 6. Conclusion The efficiency of Sri Lankas transport sector has blocked by a variety of constraints. Sri Lanka depends on foreign trade and it can be increased by efficient transport network in the country. Globalization of trade has risen not only from the liberalization of trade, but also from major advances in communications, transport, and storage technologies. On time delivery of products and passengers has become a result of good transportation network. For travel of people and transportation of factors of production, semi-finished goods, and manufactured products will require efficient transport services. After following effective and efficient policies regarding transportation network can be achieved a better transport network in the country.

The Benefits of Nursing Homes Essay -- Health Care

In the early twentieth century, what we now call nursing homes did not exist. If elderly citizens had nowhere else to go, they were sent to live in rundown poor farms. On August 14, 1935 President Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act, which provided matching grants to each state for Old Age Assistance (OAA). This in turn set in motion the opening of private homes that allowed people to live in a care facility and collect the OAA payments as well. It was not until the 1950’s when nursing homes started developing into the facilities most of us are familiar with today. It was then that nursing homes were required to follow state set standards for licensing and some even received Federal grants if they possessed a hospital like atmosphere. Throughout history, nursing homes have faced many dilemmas, laws, and legislations. However, it has been these ups and downs that have contributed to the quality of modern nursing homes. In my opinion, nursing homes are a good choice becau se they provide seniors with companionship, medical treatments, and reliable safe shelter for those who do not have a safe environment at home. Nursing homes provide companionship to elders and fun activities with people in their age group. The Four Seasons Nursing and Rehabilitation Center, offers a variety of services for the elderly. According to their website, the Four Seasons have a Therapeutic Recreation Department which â€Å"coordinates and plans all therapeutic activities for all Four Seasons residents† (2012). These activities revolve around an individual’s specific needs and can include activities such as book readings, music, arts and crafts, games, and even holiday dances. In February 2011, my grandmother suffered a stroke and needed to go to a te... ...aving their family members at home. In the end, it all comes down to the individual family deciding what would be best for their loved ones. Works Cited Four Seasons Nursing and Rehabilitation Center (2012). Recreation. Retrieved from http://www.fourseasonsnh.com/Recreation/recreation.html Kapp, M. B. (2003). Resident safety and medical errors in nursing homes. Journal of Legal Medicine, 24(1), 51. Minority Staff of the House Committee on Government Reform (2001). Abuse of residents is a major problem in U.S. nursing homes. Washington, DC: U.S. House of Representatives. PBS (2012). The Evolution of Nursing Home Care in the United States. PBS The Online News Hour. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/nursinghomes/timeline.html Stiegel, L. A. (2011). Power of Celebrity at the Senate Special Committee on Aging Hearing. Bifocal, 32(4), 43-45.

Prescription Obesity Drugs Essay -- Pharmaceuticals

1. Has FDA provided ‘sufficient guidance’ to guide development and registration of prescription diet medications? If you agree, provide examples of what you consider ‘sufficient advice’ (including date of publication). I believe the FDA does provide sufficient guidance on the development and registration of prescription diet medications. In 2007, FDA issued draft guidance that clearly defines their expectations to judge effectiveness (weight reduction and maintenance of weight loss after 1 year’s treatment). It also indicates an effective product should provide improvements in blood pressure, lipids, and glycaemia therefore changes in common weight-related comorbidities need factored into clinical trial to assess efficacy. FDA also states it expects to see drug-mediated weight reduction demonstrated to result from a loss of body fat verified through advance screening tools. From a safety perspective, the FDA states the drug should not adversely affect cardiovascular function particularly highlighting cardiac valvulopathy. 2. Has FDA’s grounds for rejecting the NDAs of prescription diet pills in the last 10 years been based on safety/efficacy concerns? In 2010 alone, three drugs reviewed by the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee (EMDAC) have failed to gain approval. EMDAC felt each drug (naltrexone/bupriopion, lorcaserin and phentermine/topiratate) had unacceptable safety issues (particularly cardiovascular risk profiles). The committee also concluded that lorcaserin did not provide enough convincing evidence of efficacy and safety to gain approval. EMDAC cite lack of diversity in the phase 3 trial population might result in efficacy of the drug being overstated while potential safety risks understated. Whi... ... FDA. (2010). FDA Briefing Document: NDA 22529 Lorqess (lorcaserin hydrochloride) Tablets, 10 mg. Sponsor: Arena Pharmaceuticals Advisory Committee. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/drugs/endocrinlogicalandmetabolicdrugsadvisorycommittee/ucm225631.pdf FDA. (2007). Guidance for Industry. Developing Products for Weight Management. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm071612.pdf FDA. (2011).Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC). Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/PartnershipsCollaborations/PublicPrivatePartnershipProgram/ucm231132.html McCallister, E. (2011). BioCentury, Obesity Reset. Retrieved from http://www.biocentury.com/promotions/obesity/next-generation-of-obesity-drugs-unlikely-to-reach-regulators-before-2014.html Prescription Obesity Drugs Essay -- Pharmaceuticals 1. Has FDA provided ‘sufficient guidance’ to guide development and registration of prescription diet medications? If you agree, provide examples of what you consider ‘sufficient advice’ (including date of publication). I believe the FDA does provide sufficient guidance on the development and registration of prescription diet medications. In 2007, FDA issued draft guidance that clearly defines their expectations to judge effectiveness (weight reduction and maintenance of weight loss after 1 year’s treatment). It also indicates an effective product should provide improvements in blood pressure, lipids, and glycaemia therefore changes in common weight-related comorbidities need factored into clinical trial to assess efficacy. FDA also states it expects to see drug-mediated weight reduction demonstrated to result from a loss of body fat verified through advance screening tools. From a safety perspective, the FDA states the drug should not adversely affect cardiovascular function particularly highlighting cardiac valvulopathy. 2. Has FDA’s grounds for rejecting the NDAs of prescription diet pills in the last 10 years been based on safety/efficacy concerns? In 2010 alone, three drugs reviewed by the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee (EMDAC) have failed to gain approval. EMDAC felt each drug (naltrexone/bupriopion, lorcaserin and phentermine/topiratate) had unacceptable safety issues (particularly cardiovascular risk profiles). The committee also concluded that lorcaserin did not provide enough convincing evidence of efficacy and safety to gain approval. EMDAC cite lack of diversity in the phase 3 trial population might result in efficacy of the drug being overstated while potential safety risks understated. Whi... ... FDA. (2010). FDA Briefing Document: NDA 22529 Lorqess (lorcaserin hydrochloride) Tablets, 10 mg. Sponsor: Arena Pharmaceuticals Advisory Committee. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/drugs/endocrinlogicalandmetabolicdrugsadvisorycommittee/ucm225631.pdf FDA. (2007). Guidance for Industry. Developing Products for Weight Management. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm071612.pdf FDA. (2011).Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC). Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/PartnershipsCollaborations/PublicPrivatePartnershipProgram/ucm231132.html McCallister, E. (2011). BioCentury, Obesity Reset. Retrieved from http://www.biocentury.com/promotions/obesity/next-generation-of-obesity-drugs-unlikely-to-reach-regulators-before-2014.html

Defending Walt Whitman

Perfect discipline is an attainable reality, but if it is not there, no alternative exists but to carry on with the available discipline. Similarly, prefect democracy is the dream of a true democrat but one is aware that the path to achieve it is strewn with thorns. The suave politicians and the literary stalwarts all over the world are â€Å"carrying on the conversation that Whitman initiated over 150 years ago—a dialogue about democracy, poetry, love, death, and the endless permutations of life that he believed would define America and eventually produce a republic equal to its ideals.†(Sherman†¦) â€Å"Walter Whitman (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and Realism, incorporating both views in his works. †¦. Whitman is among the most influential and controversial poets in the American canon. His work has been described as a â€Å"rude shoc k† and â€Å"the most audacious and debatable contribution yet made to American literature. † (Walt†¦. ) Sherman Alexie was born in October 1966. His famous quote reads like the mission statement of an institution.His eternal craze for literary creations and the vast areas of literary subjects that he wishes to tackle is reflected in this statement: â€Å"†I know I have so much left to say and I don't know how much time I have left to say it all. † This statement indicates the thinking style and beliefs of Alexie are deeply impacted and influenced by Whitman. In the poem, â€Å"Defending Walt Whitman†, he makes the explicit mention of Whitman’s ideals and ideologies, and how they have influenced the thought process of the Americans, and consequently their action processes for the last fifteen decades.Alexie highlights that Whitman is deeply concerned about the social imperfections in the American society. To achieve the level of democracy in the real sense, people need to be basically sound and industrious, and basic conditions need to be created for the people to become basically sound and industrious. Communal and individual democracies are alternative beats of the same heart of a Nation and they are achieved through justice and fair-play.Deficiency in any one of them is not good for the overall health of the Nation. In a Nation, if the individual suffers, one need to assume that either the democratic principles are deficient, or the implementation process is corrupt and defective. If the society as a whole suffers, that can not be a perfect democracy. It is like the scale of justice. Both arms of the scale (in this context the society and the individual) are equally important to strike the correct balance.â€Å"Whitman's continual wrestling with the problems and challenges of the emerging American democracy and the developing American democratic art has had a surprisingly widespread impact on other countries as well, where his democratic ideas and radical poetics have taken root and emerged in new hybrids as his work mixes with other national literatures. † (Re-Scripting. ) Walt Whitman has deeply influenced and impacted the scene of the various poetic traditions. A poet, apart from his love for poetry, conveys important messages to the people through the poems.Many issues also depend upon people’s understanding of the poetry. Some view him as the poet of socialism, radical sexuality, and also spiritualism. All mind-level philosophies and ‘isms’ mostly lead to quarrels, disagreements, arguments and counter arguments. Spirituality transcends the barrier of mind, where total bliss alone exists, and as such that zone is free from contradictions. At that level, all clashes cease, and hearty understanding triumphs. All types of diverse schools of poetry find the oases of unity in Whitman’s poetry, because its roots are in spirituality.In the poem, â€Å"Defendi ng Walt Whitman† Sherman Alexie writes, â€Å"Walt Whitman shakes because he believes in God. Walt Whitman dreams of the first jump shot he will take, the ball arcing clumsily from his fingers, striking the rim so hard that it sparks. Walt Whitman shakes because he believes in God. †(Umbrella†¦. ) This is a profound observation. Any action small or big, done without the motivated desires, is supposed to bring, in the ultimate analysis, sterling results. An action has the reaction and the intensity of the reaction is in proportion to the intensity of the action.This is the universally accepted by the spiritualists and the scientists. No action, no human effort can go in vain. Having done all the efforts, if one acts on in the world outside with supreme faith and surrender at the feet of God, the results are bound to be precedent-shattering. In the poem one sees the basketball players striving to be perfect to achieve their goal of victory. Their â€Å"all arms and legs and serious stomach muscles. † (Umbrella†¦. )To achieve that level of perfection, the players have worked very hard, have undergone rigorous training.The poet compares them to â€Å"the twentieth century warriors who will never kill. †(Umbrella†¦. ) They do not possess cruel physical instinct to kill; but they have cultivated the physical instinct for the winning formula. â€Å"The remarkable fact is that everyone, at some point, has to confront Whitman, wrestle with his structuring of poetry, the nation, democracy, and the self: â€Å"I am large,† he said, â€Å"I contain multitudes† †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ To possess such dominant strength and secure universal appeal is possible only on the basis of spirituality, as secular principles lead to contradictions.Spiritual principles, when practiced with sincerity and devotion lead to unity and universal brotherhood. That authors and poets of all genres, notwithstanding their race, nationality, gender a nd ethnicity, seek solace in one form or the other in the Whitman’s poetry. Whitman exhibits the intrinsic strength of his ideas, which beats all artificial human barriers and goes in search of the all-embracing truth. The nineteenth century American poet tackles a basketball game on a twentieth century Indian reservation. Basketball is Alexie’s favorite topic.Can basketball be the subject matter and theme of serious poetry? Alexie shows it is possible from the viewpoint of Whitman. He tackles an original theme, and he does not hesitate to breakaway from the normal subject matters of poems, rhyme and standard meter. Alexie sees music and unusual charm in the physical movements of the basketball players, and compares them to the war-efforts of the warriors, though they do not fight war in the real sense. But their spirit is war-oriented. No basketball player likes to lose the game.He uses all his bodily strength and will power in movements to outsmart the opponents. It is a dynamic game. Every player is trained to play with dynamism without surrender until the last shot is taken. It is the war of nerves and intelligence, without the ceasefire! Every pass is calculated to win. Hard work from the physical aspect and the call of the spirit lead to victory in the basketball game. Alexie is certainly aware of the powerful dynamics of combining the poetic Whitman with the energies and angles of the game of basket ball.The beauty of a perfect shot is compared to the flawless efficiency in one’s pursuit, which is a divine quality. Alexie writes, as he refers to one such perfect shot of the basketball, â€Å"God, there is nothing as beautiful as a jump shot on a reservation summer basketball court where the ball is moist with sweat, and makes a sound when it swishes through the net that causes Walt Whitman to weep because it is so perfect. †(Umbrella†¦) This weeping is the cry of joy! The joy of achievement, after all the hard and intell igent work for a long period! It is the favorable result of the relentless pursuit.Conclusion: Communal and individual democracies are alternative beats of the same heart of a Nation and they need to be achieved through justice and fair-play. Deficiency in any one of them is not good for the overall health of the Nation. One may wonder what the game of basketball has to do with perfect democracy. They say, efficiency in work is the ultimate goal of a human being. What you do is not important. But how you do, what you do is more important. The beauty of the basketball game is, for every shot that you plan, your have the rebuff of a counter-shot with a parallel plan.Your need to think in advance of such counter-shots, and transcend all sorts of opposition to achieve the winning shot! Alexie elucidates the beautiful spiritual level, achieved through the equipment of the physical body as he writes, â€Å"Look there, that boy can run up and down this court forever. He can leap for a reb ound with his back arched like a salmon, all meat and bone synchronized, magnetic, as if the court were a river, as if the rim were a dam, as if the air were a ladder leading the Indian boy toward home. † You needs to have the will to grow and grow you will.Alexie Sherman has given a very interesting poem, â€Å"Defending Walt Whitman. † The theme and the style of the poem evoke not only curiosity but they are thought-provoking. As the poem progresses, it attains new spiritual dimensions and elucidates the meaning of struggles and beauty of human life. It seems to convey the message that duty and perfection are the harbingers of human prosperity. The basketball game seems to convey that there is no victory or defeat, the reality is only permanent efforts! ================ References Cited:Sherman AlexieSherman has published more than three hundred poems, stories, essays, †¦. Walt Whitman dreams of the Indian boy who will defend him, †¦ www. geocities. com/Pari s/Cafe/2726/Sherman. html – 16k – Cached – Retrieved on July 22, 2008. Re-Scripting Walt Whitman: An Introduction to His Life and Work †¦ â€Å"‘Live Oak, with Moss' and ‘Calamus': Textual Inhibitions in Whitman Criticism. † Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 14 (1997), 153-65. Palmer, Carole. †¦ www. whitmanarchive. org/criticism/current/anc. 00152. html – 391k – Cached – Retrieved on July 22, 2008.Walt Whitman SummaryContemporary Spokane Indian poet, Sherman Alexie, has also been influenced by Whitman, mentioning him explicitly in his poem â€Å"Defending Walt Whitman†. †¦ www. bookrags. com/wiki/Walt_Whitman – 73k – Cached – Retrieved on July 22, 2008 Umbrella: Defending Walt Whitman18 Sep 2005 †¦ Defending Walt Whitman. Basketball is like this for young Indian boys †¦ Walt Whitman shakes. This game belongs to him. — Sherman Alexei†¦ jeffwietor. blogspot. com/2 005/09/defending-walt-whitman. html – 17k – Cached – Retrieved on July 22, 2008.

My Work

GCSE English Language Unit 3: Controlled Assessment Spoken Language Study Name:__________________ Teacher:_________________ Spoken Language Study 10% of final English Language grade Controlled Assessment January 9 hours of lessons; 3 hours of controlled assessment writing Assessment Objectives: 1. Understand variations in spoken language, explaining why language changes in relation to contexts 2. Evaluate the impact of spoken language choices in their own and others’ use Lesson 1: Spoken v Written Lesson 2: Contextual Factors and Social AttitudesKey Words related to Speech Match the word to the correct definition. 1. Standard EnglishA The way you speak, depending on context and audience 2. Received PronunciationB Form of grammar and vocabulary accepted as the national norm 3. AccentC The grammar and vocabulary of a particular region. 4. DialectD The way someone pronounces individual words in a geographical region 5 Repertoire E A person’s individual style of speaking 6. IdiolectF The accent of Standard English, often seen as the proper way of speaking. 7.Sociolect G The way you speak, depending on your particular social group 8. Contextual Factors H Factors that influence the way you speak, eg gender, etc |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 | | | | | | | | | | Homework: Idiolect Study Read Michael Rosen’s account of his idiolect.Write your own account of influences on the way you talk. Write a paragraph on each of the following: 1. How would you describe the way you speak? 2. What do you think the way you speak tells other people think about you? 3. Explain how you change your speech in different situations(e. g. talking to teacher, talking to family, asking questions in a shop, etc. ) 4. Have you ever been embarrassed or ashamed about the way you speak? Why? Why not? Extension: Try to use key words in your response Lesson 3: Non-Fluency Features and TranscriptsRead this transcript and complete your allocated feature in the following table |Non-Fluency Feature |Example |Effect/Reason this occurs | |repetition (of the same word) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |back-tracking (repeating the same idea in| | | |different words) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |fillers (sort of, y’know, em) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |longer pauses | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |minor sentences (incomplete sentences) | | | | | | | | | | | |contractions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |slang | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Commenting on Effect or Reason for a Non-Fluency Feature occurring: – Thinking about an appropriate word or way to phrase something – Recalling a distant memory – Nervousness – Reflecting on feelings at that point – Any others? Commenting on how Contextual Factors affect Speech: |Place/setting |Where does the conversation/speech take place? | |Is it a formal or informal environment? | | |How might the speech be different if the setting changed? | |Age |How old are the participants? | | |Is there a difference in age? | | |How might the language choice be different if the ages changed? | |Audience |Who is the speech aimed at? | | |Is this a formal or informal audience? | | |How might the language choices be different if the audience changed? | |Gender |Is it a single gender or mixed gender conversation? | |How might the language choices be different if the genders changed? | |Formality |Is it formal or informal? | | |Is it spontaneous or scripted speech? | | |How might the language be different if the formality changed? | |Purpose |Why is this person speaking? | | |How might the language change if the purpose changes? | |Previous events |What happened before this speech? | | |How does it influence what the speaker includes? | | |How might it be different if we didn’t know what happened before? |Technology |Is the speak er using technology ? | | |Is there technology present, eg video, camera, microphone? | | |Does the speaker speak differently because of the presence of technology? | Lesson 4: Non-Fluency Features and Context PEE Paragraphs on Contextual Factors: 1. Does it clearly state what the contextual factor is? 2. Does it include examples from the transcript to support this? 3. Does it contain an explanation of how the examples show deliberate choice of language? Lesson 5: Conversational Features [pic] Use the glossary below to help you answer the questions about the transcript. 1.Find an adjacency pair in the transcript. Copy it into your book and explain what kind of adjacency pair it is. 2. Find an example of a participant attempting a topic change. Can you explain what they are trying to do? 3. Find an overlap in the conversation. Explain whether you think it is a cooperative or an uncooperative overlap. 4. Find an example of a participant making a false start. Try to explain why the spe aker re-starts his utterance. Glossary Adjacency pair – two speech turns made by different speakers one following the other. In an adjacency pair, the first part requires a particular kind of second part (e. g. question/answer, summons/response, invitation/response).Back-channelling – sounds and words listeners make to encourage the speaker and show they are listening; they range in the amount of interest they suggest: â€Å"Hmm, yes, absolutely†, â€Å"I see†, â€Å"Excellent†. False start – when a speaker begins an utterance and then re-starts. Filler – sounds which fill up pauses in speech, such as ‘er’, ‘um’ etc. perhaps to create thinking time and prevent interruption. Interruption – when an utterance interferes with the flow of the conversation. It might suggest aspects of power. Overlap – a kind of interruption. But overlap can be co-operative and helpful, or uncooperative and an attempt to â€Å"take the floor†, i. e. to take a turn. Para-linguistic features – non-vocal facial and body movements use when talking, i. e. body language.Prosody / prosodic features – the sound features of talk, such as intonation, rhythm, pitch, speed. Repair – the moves people make to correct what they think is a mistake (one they’ve made themselves or that the other person makes) Stylised speech – speech is natural; dialogue used in radio or TV plays is stylised speech. Topic change – refers to points in a conversation where one of the participants clearly changes the subject, usually for a reason, and so alters the direction of the conversation. Turn-taking system – the system that governs conversation. Silences or continuous overlaps interfere with the turn-taking system. Turn-taking is about speakers co-operating to carry the conversation forward.Utterance – the words that are spoken. Extension: Write an analysis of the conversation, answering the question: How cooperative are the participants in the transcript? Lesson 6: Conversational PEE Language in the Workplace: The Orthodontist’s Surgery |1 |Orthodontist: |I want you to pop these on for me (1) that's it (2) and (1) you have got a problem in | | | |the lower is it a problem in the lower left | | |Patient: |yeah | | |Orthodontist: |so (inaudible) up the chair (2. ) [laughter] it's got a mind of its own this chair | |5 | |ugh | | |Patient: |it's got a mind of its own this chair it just seems to do what it wants right so | | |Orthodontist: |(inaudible) (15) [ongoing activity and no talk] can I have a lace-back please (9) did | | | |your teeth hurt quite a lot after | |10 | |ugh ugh em pardon | | |Patient: |did your teeth ache a lot after your visit here last time | | |Orthodontist: |yeah | | |Patient: |yeah (3. 0) they have started to settle Ok now yeah | | |Orthodontist: |yeah I can feel the teeth moving around | |15 |Patient: |yeah t hey're definitely moving (32) [ongoing activity] wha what's happened is that um | | |Orthodontist: |you're still chewing where your tooth used to be ok and now you're straight into? | | | |(inaudible) flexible wire so this is quite a common problem um I've just put an extra | | | |support wire in it hasn't upset your treatment progress or anything like that so it's | | | |more of an irritation for you (1. um that should be you sorted out (4) and I'm | |20 | |thinking in anticipation of that happening on the other side we'll do the same thing | | | |could we have another lace-back [technician passes lace-back] | | | |agh | | | |is that one sore | | | |yeah | |25 |Patient: |sorry | | |Orthodontist: |no don't worry | | |Patient: |(2) still got some achy teeth | | |Orthodontist: |mm | | |Patient: |right | |30 |Orthodontist: |is that something that | | |Patient: |oh yeah | | |Orthodontist: |that happens in the beginning they shift around | | |Parent: |it actually works er like that all the way through treatment that you can have weeks | | |Orthodontist: |and weeks of not of not having any discomfort at all | |35 |Parent: |Mmm | | |Orthodontist: |then all of a sudden one tooth will um will give you grief for a few days 2) [patient| | | |in pain] I'll try and be as gentle as I can (14) [ongoing activity] Ok then | | |Parent: |yeah | | |Orthodontist: |ooh [sound of compressed air escaping] excuse me | |40 | |sorry [short laugh] | | | |um a couple of silver (inaudible) (22) [ongoing activity] | | |Patient: | | | |Orthodontist: | | | |Technician: | | |45 |Orthodontist: | |Lesson 7: Developing Ideas Analysing Spoken Language: Key Area Question Frame Social attitudes to different spoken language What attitudes do people have about this workplace/occupation? How may they expect to be treated (as an audience, in some cases)? What kind of language may they expect to hear (or use)? How context influences choice of spoken language What are the contextual factors here? How d o the situation(s) or contextual factors affect the speakers' word choices or fluency? Key features found in speech and/or dialogue What level of formality is conveyed by the speaker(s)? Why? What features of non-fluency are present? If none, why is this?What features of idiolect, sociolect, dialect or accent are present? Is it a cooperative or uncooperative conversation? Do you think the conversation is a typical or abnormal example of a conversation in this type of workplace? Why/Why not? How does each person speak in the conversation? Analyse the turn-taking. Why do the participants speak like this in this situation? Homework: TV Chef Research Watch some videos on TV chefs on the internet and write down the names of the chefs you viewed clips of, in the table. Then complete the table. Make sure to make a note of names of the video clips you refer to, for later reference. Some specific chefs to look out for: Delia Smith |Rick Stein |Angela Hartnett | |Jamie Oliver |Keith Floyd |R ichard Corrigan | |Nigella Lawson |James Martin |Paul Rankin | |Antony Worral-Thompson |Marco Pierre-White |Gino d'Acampo | |Gordon Ramsay |Sanjeev Kapoor |John Burton-Race | |Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall |Heston Blumenthal |Marcus Wareing | Homework Extension: Are there as many TV chefs in the US and other countries as there are in the UK? Are they similar or different to the UK chefs? Lesson 8: Planning 1 Issues to consider: †¢ Age, gender, social class †¢ Body language †¢ Relationship to camera †¢ Address to viewer †¢ Formal or informal? †¢ Specialist or non-specialist? †¢ Kinds of words †¢ Purpose & audience †¢ Setting †¢ Context †¢ Ingredients & equipment †¢ Speed of action & editing Chef 3: | | | | | |Chef 2: | | | | | |Chef 1: | | | | | |Question |SOCIAL ATTITUDES: |CONTEXTUAL FACTORS: |SPEECH: |DIALOGUE: | | |How do the public |How typical is this |Write down some features of the way he/she |Write down some features of the way he/she talks | | |view this chef? |talk of the way TV |talks . Focus on non-fluency features. Are |in conversation. Focus on conversational | | |Why? |chefs talk? What |these deliberate? |features. | | | |factors affect the way | | | | | |they talk? | | | | | | | | | ———————– SAMPLE PEE PARAGRAPH

Life vs. Death Penalty

The death penalty has been one of the most debated topics in America for years. It holds the same level of importance in politics as abortion or gun control because it is such a controversial subject. The stance that I currently hold with this debate is closer towards life in prison. Not because I don't fully believe that someone who kills a lot of people or does Just horrible acts should 100% be punished and possibly killed themselves, but because I find more benefits towards keeping someone in Jail for life. For example, the cost to keep someone in Jail is a lot cheaper than it is to kill them.A study in 2011 showed that it cost California more than $4 billion dollars to do executions since 1978. $1. 94 billion went towards the trails, $925 million towards Automatic Appeals and State Habeas Corpus Petitions, $775 million towards Federal Habeas Corpus Appeals, and $1 billion went towards Costs of Incarceration. And we can't forget how much it costs to pay for the security guards who look over these inmates. The total cost to pay these security guards a year comes up to $90,000 PER INMATE a year. It's also been said that the death penalty trails are 20 times more expensive than a trail for imprisonment without parole.If the Governor of California sentenced the inmates that are on death row to life in prison he could save almost $170 million a year! The Executive of the DPIC stated, â€Å"The death penalty in the U. S. is an enormously expensive and wasteful program with no clear benefits. All of the studies on the cost of capital punishment conclude it is much more expensive than a system with life sentences as the maximum penalty. In a time of painful budget utbacks, states are pouring money into a system that results in a declining number of death sentences and executions that are almost exclusively carried out in Just one area of the country.As many states face further deficits, it is an appropriate time to consider whether maintaining the costly death pena lty system is being smart on crime. † Another reason that life in Jail is a better punishment is because it is an actual effective punishment. There is nothing that shows that the death penalty has been effective in lowering crimes. To be in a prison cell for your entire life with nothing to o but think, sit, sleep, eat, and maybe a recreational activity or two, that is actually worse than death.Being in prison sends some people crazy or can possibly change them completely, which I believe is a way better punishment because they are forced to live with the crime that they committed. Death would be an easy and quick way out. Granted, the death row inmates are doing nothing but sitting, thinking, and waiting. That is what they are doing, waiting. They are waiting for the end, because they, unlike the other inmates, have an end. And honestly how is that fair, we for hatever reason think that if we kill them that will teach them and others like them to never commit the bad acts ag ain, when in fact we are making it simple for them.The DPIC executive said, â€Å"The nation's police chiefs rank the death penalty last in their priorities for effective crime reduction. The officers do not believe the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder, and they rate it as one of most inefficient uses ot taxpayer dollars in tgnting crime. Criminologists concur that the death penalty does not effectively reduce the number of murders. † The death sentence is absolute, here is no reversing it so if we execute someone and more evidence comes up that later proves someone innocent, we can't take back the execution. 40 people were wrongly executed since 1973. The most common reason for people wrongfully being charged with the death penalty are false confessions, witness errors, government misconduct, faulty science, bad lawyers or snitch testimonies. Also believe it or not but race does play a factor in whether or not someone can receive the death penalty vs. life in pris on. Just about 68% of inmates that are on death row are non-whites. We simply cannot say we live in a country that offers equal Justice to all Americans when racial disparities plague the system by which our society imposes the ultimate punishment. Senator Russ Feingold, 2003. In 1990, a report from the General Accounting Office said that 82% of the cases that were reviewed showed that if the criminal killed a white person they were more likely to be sent to death row than if they killed another minority. There are currently 1,822 minority inmates on death row and there has been approximately 394 minorities executed since 1976, comparing his to the 1,475 white death row inmates and the 643 that have been executed.Something interesting is the death rate by homicide in California varies sole by race. African Americans are six times more likely to be murdered than whites in California. While 27. 6% of murder victims are white, 80% of executions in California have been for those convict ed of killing whites. Lastly, the death penalty is Just morally wrong. How do we as a country Justify that someone is being punished for murder or something of that sort and to correct/ punish this behavior we execute them. That is o backwards.America is a country that frowns upon other countries who don't value life but we don't really know how to back up that thinking because we are a country who grew up knowing to fix problems with violence. After George W. Bush stated in the 2000 presidential elections, â€Å"l don't think you should support the death penalty to seek revenge. I don't think that's right. I think the reason to support the death penalty is because it saves other people's lives† Family guy retaliated with, â€Å"l support the death penalty to teach people killing is wrong† Brian on Family Guy.When you think bout it, how does killing the inmate keep us any safer than Just keeping them in Jail forever? At the end of the day no one is being harmed, and ev eryone who is outside of prison is safe. The families of the victims can have peace of mind that they know the person will rot in prison and everyone else no longer has to even wonder if that person will come for them next. It's a win win situation. Until someone comes up with a plan that is more cost effective, humane, and still effectively punishes people for crimes the same or better than life in prison does, that seems to be the best way to handle criminals.

Financial to people who are living in poverty Essay

1. Introduction Microfinance is the provision of financial to people who are living in poverty. The system is providing small loans to poor person who want to expand their business. A series of financial service include loaning, saving, insurance and so on. There are two main characteristic on microfinance. Firstly, it is focus on below average income person or poor person for their customers. Secondly, it must ensure that the possibility of its own sustainable development. The beginning of the activity was most closely associated with economist Muhammad Yunus in 1976. He was born in Bangladesh. Between 30 years, the success of Grameen Bank which was built by Yunus was noticed by the world. Then, microfinance has covered nearly development countries and some developed counties. In the case of the text book, microfinance was present by two extreme parts, macro success and global mess. For the macro success, lender loaned money to women in order to support their family. Then, much family got rid of po verty. By 2001, more than 7,000 microfinance institutions had served 120 million borrowers around the world. On the other hand, there are two debates lead to huge problems. Firstly, most of microfinance institution’s new shareholders were rich investors. Secondly, several competitive microfinance institutions loaned money to the same uneducated clients, if crop or ventures fail, clients would face crushing debt loads. For example, in some parts of India, almost 80% of borrowers were in default. 2. Case question 1 Therefore, what happen about microfinance? Does it macro success or global mess? 2.1 SWOT analysis For the critical thinking of microfinance is SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis may help us know more about microfinance totally. There are two strengths for microfinance, the first one is that helped in decrease the poverty. The target of microfinance is to provide loans to poor people who want to start small business but cannot able to receive commercial bank help. For example, more than 350 million people in Indian below average income. The microfinance institutions offer the opportunity to them to start their own business. So, microfinance helps in decrease the poverty. The second one is that promoting the development of local community. If every individual who receive small loans to become rich, the development of local community will be promoted. There are two weaknesses about the microfinance. First of all, it is not proper regulated on banking process. Due to lack of efficient rules and regulations there would lead to high case of credit risk and defaults. Moreover, microfinance institutions focus on less people only. For example, India’s 70% of people live in the village, that is to say that most of poor area haven’t been touched. For the opportunity of microfinance, there are two main points also. Initially, it still has huge untapped market. For example, Pakistan’s microfinance industry was developing faster already, with an expansion of nearly 47 percent during 2007 (AbanHaq, 2008). By the end of 2008, the borrowers had been extended to 1.7 million (Meher Shah, 20 09). In addition, some small business which were loan from Microfinance institutions would provide much more employment opportunities. Microfinance institutions not only loan money to individual to start their business but also help in the increase the employment opportunity to them. There two threat analysis about microfinance as well. The first one is that over involvement of government. For example, in Indian, bank had freeze on credit to micro lenders for many times, it led to Indian’s microfinance industry pushed to the brink of collapse (India’s microfinance sector under threat, 2010). Furthermore, it is a high competition industry. For example, Indian’s commercial bank normally provides about US$ 133 a week in credit to the microfinance industry (India’s microfinance sector under threat, 2010). So, it is cause to high competition for much more applicant. 2.2 Why has microfinance been quite successful on worldwide basis? In the study case, 84% of microloan recipients are women(D’Espallier, Guà ©rin, & Mersland, 2011). Therefore, it is easily find that most of microfinance institutions target to women. This is because that repayment is higher among female borrowers, they usually do more conservative investment and reduce moral hazard risk(D’Espallier, Guà ©rin, & Mersland, 2011). On the other hand, when women improve their circumstances, they also improve the lives of their children. So, by investing in nutrition and education, they can help to create a better future for their children and their communities. Furthermore, many microfinance institutions help much poorest families get rid of poverty. It is â€Å"to ensure that 175 million of the world’s poorest families, especially women, receive credit for self-employment and other financial and business services†(D’Espallier, Guà ©rin, & Mersland, 2011). Thus, it absorbs global attention. In addition, the success of the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh indicated that a new business model had been created. Until recently, Grameen has reported repayment rates of 98% and serving over much more function to poor person (Morduch, 1999). This new business models was imitated by the world. 3. Case Question 2 Using agency theory, identify the area or improvement for the government of certain MFI have be found to engage in questionable practice. Microfinance institution is a party that helping poverty to do business by offering mini-loan. It is an agency of not only providing finance service to support poverty but also an organization contributes to society. The main problem of lending money to pool people is high risks of returning the money. The pool people, who are lack of educations, experience and need more train to return to the job. As an agency the â€Å"principal† (top managers) require profit while loan office is less concern about the interest. 3.1 Agency theory Agency theory explains the relationship between principals and agents. The objective about this theory is to identify and resolve the problem and conflict between principal and the agent of the principal. The two problems agency theory addresses are: * Problem of desire goal of principal and agent are in conflict. * Problem of different acts in managing the risk. This theory had been used in examining the relationship of agency, define as â€Å"a contract under which one or more persons (the principal) engage another person (the agent) to perform some on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent† (Jensen & Meckling, 1976) The following equation shows the result of problem come from. The utility of the principal will focus on return, whereas the utility of the agent will focus on the income. Agent wants to increase the income while the principal refers to more return. As the result, there is a trade-off exist in between. UP (R) = 1/UA (I) UP = Utility of the principal UA= Utility of the agent R = Returns I= Income In consequent, to resolve the problem is to design the ideal contract. There are two types of contracts design for such problem: behavior-based contracts and outcome-based contracts. Behavior-based contract, the principal monitor, measure and reward the base on the agent’s behavior (Bergenetal, 1992). The outcome-based contract, the agent will be rewarded according to the realized outcome (Bergenetal, 1992). 3.2 Porter’s Five Forces Porter’s five forces is concept for analyzing industry and developing strategy of a company to position business. Base on this concept to understand microfinance industry environment. Investors always seek for return; the industry environment will impact how efficient the decision made for profit. Source:(Porter, 1979) Suppliers (High) There are many investors in market; those can divide into two types, commercial investor and faith investor. The faith investors are not seeks for profit, but long term poverty alleviation. (Cranenburgh, 2010)Commercial investors are looking for return because the capital market is cheaper. Unfortunately there are most MFI remain lending money to pool people are informal which the stakeholder are commercial investor. Threat of new entrants (High) Commercial investors are better in positioning that they have better access than financial service expertise. Low entrant capital require lead to low entrant standard require. The investors seeks return, it cause high impact in investment. Commercial investors look for short term invest, and it can be re-enter for commercial investment as a cycle. Threat of substitute (Medium) Poor people need money of making living and other social purpose (education, insurance, sickness.eg) for life long. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) provides life insurance for poverty to improve the life expenses under the microfinance category. In many other countries, MFI design new financial service according to the need of poverty which charge very low interest. Internal rivalry In fact, the intensity of competition is depends upon the size of the company in the game. As entrant barrier low, the major operators in industry are informal institution (SHGs, MFI and NGOs). The competition will increase when an established organization goes into market and implement promotional strategy for boosting out of bad situation as it is weak. In additional, some formal bank start to do financial support with the help of other commercial organization like provide loan for SHGs. This factor will attract more operators in market. 3.3 Challenge Facing by Microfinance The microfinance system is separated in three levels: micro, meso and macro. To understand the function of those levels activity, identify the challenge MFIs are facing by governance. Source: Adapted from Helms, Access for All The micro level activity includes both perspectives of clients and MFI. The problem comes out from the borrower’s perspective is limitation of financial support. This would cause predatory lending practices. From the clients’ perspective, the problem relate to the managerial experience of clients, how they manage the funds and sustainable funds. The meso level is about services and infrastructures. The MFI need strong backup to support ongoing financing lending process. Limited capacity would terminate the funds to borrower. The macro level consists of central bank, finance ministries and other financial department. The problem comes out the potential risk when new policy established (monetary and currency, egg). The failure of systemic function would lead to a collapse of MIFs. 4. Case Question 3: ON ETHICS: Given the criticisms that â€Å"the rich have literally profited from the dirt poor†. Do you have any reservations about investing in MFIs that have gone through IPOs? Microfinance is a key thing that can help people living in poverty to become financially independent. It is better able to provide for their families in times of economic difficulty. Considering nearly half of world in less than two dollars a day to survive, microfinance is an important solution. However, microfinance has its shortcomings. Thus, in our opinion about this question, we are neutral. Here are advantages and disadvantages in below. 4.1 Advantages Access Banks will not extend loans to those with little or no assets, and generally so not engage in small size of loans associated with micro-financing companies. Microfinance is based on the concept that even small amounts of credit can help end the vicious cycle of poverty. Extending education Families receiving microfinance are less likely to pull their children to leave school for economic reasons. Improve health and welfare Microfinance can lead to better access to clean drinking water and better sanitation, and providing better access to health care as well. Sustainability In the developing country, even a small working capital loans $100. It can be launch a small business. Benefactors can help pulling themselves and their families out of the poverty. For example, a 19-year-old girl named Salamatu, from Sierra Leone started selling rice business (Kate, 2011). When her father and brother died, she could not pay the school fees by her own. She joined a local saving and Loans Group Plan in her community. This group can give small loans to them. Salamatu took out two loans. One is starting a small rice selling business and one is paying for her school fees (Kate, 2011). Job creation Microfinance can help create new jobs. It has a beneficial impact on the local economy. 4.2 Disadvantages Some investors who are interested in specific microfinance IPO must be wary (wise GEEK, 2012). Because some microfinance institutions are free with funding to the poor, but require excessive interest payments in return. This can put a person into a wore financial hole. This would cause social unrest. MFIs in India increased the risks. MFIs might face increased pressure to provide the assets and income growth (Jennifer, 2010). Thus it would increase default risk. In addition, because of high yield investors’ interests, microfinance institutions issuing high risk loans. This could cause valuation issues. However, lenders often could not perform. Because India does not have national systems that track the borrower’s credit history (Jennifer, 2010). 5. Conclusion Firstly, we give the reason of microfinance has been successful. Secondly, we identify the areas for improvement of MFIs. Then, we provide the two parts – advantages and disadvantages. Some considering buying into microfinance IPO should be carefully examined, and understand the company and its specific practices, then proceeding. Microfinance is not always appropriate. For extreme poor, or those who are sick or unable to work, microfinance may not be an appropriate tool. Bibliography India’s microfinance sector under threat. (2010, November). Australian Banking & Finance, p. 20. Cranenburgh, K. C. (2010). Analysis of the Microfinance Sector Faith Institutions and Impact Investing. International Interfaith Investment Group, 37-38. D’Espallier, B., Guà ©rin, I., & Mersland, R. (2011, 5). Women and Repayment in Microfinance: A Global Analysis. World Development, pp. 758-772. Haq, A. (2008). Microfinance Industry Assessment: A Report on Pakistan. Islamabad Pakistan: Pakistan Microfinance Network (PMN). Jongbloed, K. (2011). DIY Banks Make Education Possible For Girls. Retrieved from http://blog.becauseiamagirl.ca/diy-banks-make-education-possible-for-girls Meher Shah, A. N. (2009). Spot light on microfinance. Micro note. Islamab: Pakistan Microfinance Network (PMN). Morduch, J. (1999, October). The role of subsidies in microfinance: evidence from the Grameen Bank. Journal of Development Economics, pp. 229-248. Shevock, J. (2010). Microloan Default Risk Rises in India as SKS Microfinance Plans Initial Public Offering (IPO). Retrieved from http://www.microcapital.org/microcapital-brief-microloan-default-risk-rises-in-india-as-sks-microfinance-plans-initial-public-offering-ipo/ WiseGEEK. (2012). What Is a Microfinance IPO? . Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-microfinance-ipo.htm